Human papillomavirus as a risk factor for cervical cancer

Abstract

Introduction: the sexually transmitted human papillomavirus (HPV) is key to the development of cervical cancer. It spreads primarily through vaginal, anal, and oral sex, affecting genital areas such as the vulva, vagina, penis, and anus, as well as other areas such as the head and neck. Objective: to describe the main risk factors, clinical relevance, and treatment of HPV-related cervical cancer. Method: a bibliographic and descriptive documentary analysis was conducted. A literature review covering the period from 2020 to 2023 published in digital databases was conducted. Fifteen articles were identified, comprising both case studies and theoretical sources of information. Development: HPV also causes genital warts and is associated with most cases of cervical cancer, especially types 16 and 18 of the virus. This is aggravated in sexually active women and is related to young age, number of sexual partners, the influence of sex hormones, and pregnancy. Pap smears and colposcopy allow for the detection of early lesions. Treatment options include cryotherapy, conization, and other procedures. Conclusions: Human papillomavirus (HPV) represents a health problem due to its association with cervical cancer. To address this problem, it is crucial to implement comprehensive strategies that include vaccination, sexual education, early detection through tests such as Pap smears, appropriate medical management of precancerous lesions, and ongoing research to improve therapeutic strategies.